Summer & Akkad(10000-4000 BC)

Introduction  

Sumerians where the founders of the first civilization in Mesopotamia.In about 3000 years BC they built states that have communicate with each other.

Sumerian structure

The Sumer civilization was made of some states.Some of this states persisted even up to 3000 years.The Sumerian states where in some of important trade routes along Tigris and Euphrates river.The Sumerians have trade communication with Egyptians & Indians.

Sumerian states

Each of Sumerian states has different administrative structure,believe in ritual & irrigation systems.In every city there was a royal palace & a ziggurat.In the top of every ziggurat there was a temple for holding events of gods(idols).Around the royal palace were ordonary people houses & out of the city the farms & swamps.

The internal disputes

In around 2900 BC,by increase population of the cities trading became more important and slowly become more important than religion.It also was the beginning of fights between the cities.On the other side the people that were living in today's Iran,Arabia & Turkey attack to these cities often to try liven in these rich cities.

Reading & writing

In 3200 BC Sumerian people invented a script that today we call it cuneiform .They wrote the letters on cay tablets.The archaeologists have found so many cay tables during their drillings in sumerian states that contains some information about payrolls & workers name's,cost documents,letters & documents about temple's.The human remaining that were found in their graves shows that they were some healthy & trained people.

Akkad & Ur

At last Sargon Sami,ruler of Akkad,made all of the Sumerian states obey himself & made the first empire of the world in around 2334 BC.However Sargon's empire make discipline in Mesopotamia but it was with brutality and violence.In around 2100 BC Akkad empire became extinct & Ur city became powerful for a century.After that Assyria & Babel were dominated in Mesopotamia. 

First farmers (4000_1000 BC)

Introduction 
Humans learn farming and domesticating animals in a long age with these learnings we go to another age name farming age after that time humans living had gradually expanded.


Farming
The first farming communities were lived in a place named arc of fertility in Middle east.They cultured wheat and barley and nurture goat,sheep,pig and caws and make their meat,milk,skin and wool from doing this.Gradually we have some progress in making tools and it led that people clear the place easier and build houses.When people find out how to make houses for the first time humans settled down some were and make villages.After that farming in other fertility lands like China,North west India,Iran,Egypt,South Europe and Mexico begin.


Domesticating animals
Dog was the first animal that domesticated.Humans domesticated dog in 10000 years BC.Humans use dogs for hunting and for its protection.Goats and sheep have domesticated after a while.Animal husbandry's learned how to domesticate the animals and that was use full for them.But in the begging of the age of farming humans hunt the animals too.The buffalo was one of the animals that it's generation became extinct.


Irrigation
One of the greatest innovations of mankind was irrigation system.Humans can watered their croplands with excavated channel that water flows in them.Farmers in arc of fertility watered their croplands in this way.In that case lands that was far from the rivers can be watered too. Egyptians and Chinese watered their croplands with controlling outburst of their rivers.In the wet areas drainage was so important too.After beginning of farming age mutually beneficial trade with the adjacent areas led progressing commercial and lead people to civilization and urbanization.   

       

Humans in 40000 to 10000 years BC

Introduction
The first humans were  not much like us. Like the other animals they have evolved in million years. Until 50000 years ago modern human or the double smart  human arose.


Australopithecus
We named the first hominids, Australopithecus. Fossils of this creatures have found in East Africa. They had upright body and they made very simple tools from stones. We can’t name Australopithecus truly human being because the brain of this creature is much smaller than a human.  
  
The skilled and upright human
Skilled human appeared in 2 million years ago. This hominid was so smarter than Australopithecus and he lives in the end of its age. The fossils of the upright human have found in Africa and Asia. The upright humans use fire for warming their self, cooking foods and also migrate. Brain of the upright humans was bigger than the skilled humans.


Neanderthals
In 200000 years ago the smart human have arose. In that time another type of humans named Neanderthals arose too. Neanderthals were compatible with the cold weather of the latest ice age and they lived in Middle east and Europe. They make types of stone tools and probably they can say a few words. Neanderthals generation have extinct so quick. We have found the latest fossils of these creatures in Spain. These fossils have 28000 years old.       



Kromanion human
Probably the modern human came from the Kromanion. Kromanion was a type of food gathering humans who replaced Neanderthals. They were scattered in Europe and Middle East. Kromanion made their food from gathering seeds, fruits, edible roots and hunting wild animals. They lived in caves and natural shelters. In 40000 years ago another type of human that have a bigger brain arose. They were more similar to modern human as they were more intelligent than the others and could say more words. The paintings of France, Spain and the large desert of Africa belong to these humans.